Prompt Engineering: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples

In the era of generative AI, prompt engineering has emerged as one of the most essential skills for effectively interacting with large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's Gemini, and Anthropic's Claude. While traditional software engineering relies on coding, prompt engineering is the craft of designing input text (prompts) to get desired outputs from AI systems.

This guide is aimed at beginners who are curious about prompt engineering, offering a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals, techniques, and practical examples.

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What is Prompt Engineering?

Prompt engineering is the process of crafting inputs to AI models in a way that yields the most useful, relevant, and accurate results. Because LLMs generate responses based on patterns learned from massive datasets, the way you ask a question can significantly influence the answer.

In essence, prompt engineering is about:

• Understanding how LLMs interpret and respond to input.

• Designing prompts to guide the model's behavior.

• Iterating and refining prompts to improve outcomes.

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Why Prompt Engineering Matters

AI models are highly capable, but they are not mind readers. They depend entirely on the text provided. Subtle variations in phrasing, tone, specificity, or structure can change the results dramatically.

Benefits of good prompt engineering include:

• More accurate and relevant outputs.

• Reduced hallucinations or fabricated content.

• Increased efficiency in achieving results.

• Better alignment with business, educational, or creative goals.

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Basic Principles of Prompt Engineering

1. Clarity

   • Clear prompts produce clearer responses.

   • Avoid ambiguity.

2. Specificity

   • The more specific the prompt, the better the output.

   • Specify the format, tone, length, or point of view if needed.

3. Contextualization

   • Provide background or context to help the model generate more informed responses.

4. Instructional Language

   • Use imperative or guiding language: "List", "Summarize", "Compare", etc.

5. Iteration

   • Refine and reword prompts based on outputs.

   • Use feedback loops.

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Types of Prompts

1. Descriptive Prompts

   • Example: "Describe the atmosphere of Mars."

2. Instructional Prompts

   • Example: "Explain how a blockchain works in simple terms."

3. Creative Prompts

   • Example: "Write a poem about a robot discovering emotions."

4. Comparative Prompts

   • Example: "Compare the economic policies of Keynes and Hayek."

5. Conversational Prompts

   • Example: "Pretend you're a tour guide in ancient Rome. Walk me through a day in the city."

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Common Techniques in Prompt Engineering

1. Zero-Shot Prompting

   • Asking the model to perform a task without providing examples.

   • Example: "Translate this sentence into French: 'The sky is blue.'"

2. Few-Shot Prompting

   • Providing a few examples to guide the model.

   • Example:

     Translate the following sentences to French:  1. The apple is red. -> La pomme est rouge.  2. I like music. -> J'aime la musique.  3. She is reading a book. ->  

3. Chain-of-Thought Prompting

   • Encouraging the model to reason step by step.

   • Example: "If there are 3 apples and you take away 2, how many are left? Explain your reasoning."

4. Role-based Prompting

   • Asking the model to adopt a specific role or persona.

   • Example: "Act as a professional career coach and give resume tips."

5. Prompt Templates

   • Predefined prompt formats to standardize input.

   • Useful in automation and large-scale tasks.

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Tips and Best Practices

1. Be Iterative

   • Start simple and refine as needed.

2. Use Constraints

   • Limit word count, specify format (e.g., bullet points), or define tone (e.g., formal, friendly).

3. Test for Edge Cases

   • See how the model responds to unexpected inputs.

4. Break Down Complex Tasks

   • Use a series of prompts for step-by-step tasks.

5. Utilize System Messages (if supported)

   • Many APIs allow for system-level instructions to guide behavior consistently.

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Examples of Effective Prompting

1. Basic to Advanced Prompting

   • Basic: "Tell me about Newton's laws."

   • Better: "Summarize Newton's three laws of motion in simple language for a 10-year-old."

2. Formatting Output

   • Prompt: "List the benefits of solar energy in bullet points."

3. Using Roles

   • Prompt: "You are a chef. Give me a quick, healthy dinner recipe using spinach and chickpeas."

4. Creative Prompting

   • Prompt: "Write a short science fiction story about AI taking over Mars colonies."

5. Chained Reasoning

   • Prompt: "Solve this math problem step-by-step: What is 25% of 240?"

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Challenges in Prompt Engineering

1. Ambiguity in Prompts

   • Unclear inputs lead to unpredictable outputs.

2. Hallucinations

   • Models may generate false or fabricated information.

3. Token Limitations

   • Each model has a maximum context window (measured in tokens).

4. Bias and Ethics

   • Outputs can reflect biases present in training data.

5. Consistency

   • Responses may vary between runs even with the same prompt.

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Applications of Prompt Engineering

1. Software Development

   • Code generation, debugging, documentation.

2. Marketing

   • Ad copy, email campaigns, content ideas.

3. Education

   • Personalized tutoring, lesson planning, quiz generation.

4. Research

   • Summarizing papers, generating hypotheses.

5. Creative Arts

   • Poetry, storytelling, idea generation.

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Future of Prompt Engineering

As AI models grow more sophisticated, the role of prompt engineering will evolve. The future may include:

• Prompt programming languages: Tools or DSLs for structured prompting.

• Multi-modal prompting: Integrating text with image, audio, or video inputs.

• Automated prompt optimization: AI optimizing prompts for best results.

• Embedded prompt layers: Built into apps and workflows seamlessly.

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Conclusion

Prompt engineering is the bridge between human intent and machine response. It's a powerful tool that unlocks the potential of AI, enabling users to tailor outputs to their specific needs. By understanding the fundamentals, practicing different techniques, and learning through iteration, anyone can become proficient in this modern skill.

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Useful links

• OpenAI Cookbook: https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook

• Awesome Prompt Engineering: https://github.com/promptslab/awesome-prompt-engineering

• Papers with Code: Prompt Engineering Papers

• Prompt Engineering Guide: https://www.promptingguide.ai/

10 Tips for Creating a Foundation Model for India

As we are discussing creating  Large Language Model (LLM) for India instead of using LLM created by American and Chinese companies I thought of sharing some tips to build a AI with a difference. Here are 10 key tips for building a strong foundation model for India, considering its unique linguistic, cultural, and infrastructural diversity:

 

India

1. Multilingual Training Data

   • India has 22 official languages and hundreds of dialects. A robust foundation model must incorporate high-quality, diverse, and regionally balanced data across multiple languages.

2. Bias Mitigation in Data

   • Socioeconomic, gender, and caste-based biases exist in many datasets. Implement bias detection and fairness checks to ensure inclusive AI outputs.
     
     
     
     

3. Incorporation of Local Knowledge

   • AI should integrate indigenous knowledge, traditional practices, and cultural references to provide more accurate and contextually relevant responses. 
     
     
     
     

4. Handling Low-Resource Languages

   • Many Indian languages lack sufficient digital data. Utilize transfer learning, synthetic data generation, and crowd-sourced datasets to enhance AI capabilities.
     
     
     

5. Adaptation to Regional Variations

   • Words and phrases can have different meanings across states. Training should include localized NLP models to understand context-specific variations.

6. Data Quality and Noise Reduction

   • Ensure datasets are accurate, well-annotated, and free from misinformation. Remove noisy or misleading data from social media sources.

7. Infrastructure and Scalability

   • Indian users access AI on a wide range of devices, from high-end smartphones to basic feature phones. Optimize the model for efficiency and offline accessibility.

8. Legal and Ethical Compliance

   • Follow India’s data protection laws (such as the DPDP Act) and ensure responsible AI practices to prevent misuse and protect privacy.

9. Customization for Sectors

   • Train AI specifically for key Indian sectors like agriculture, healthcare, education, and governance to provide domain-specific solutions.

10. Community Involvement & Open-Source Collaboration

• Engage with local AI researchers, linguists, and developers to create an open, collaborative model that truly represents India's diversity.

Leveraging Prompt Engineering for Business Agility

Introduction

This tutorial is aimed at beginners who are curious about prompt engineering, offering a comprehensive, hands-on overview of the fundamentals, techniques, and step-by-step examples to help you practice and master the skill.

---

What is Prompt Engineering?

Prompt engineering is the process of crafting inputs to AI models in a way that yields the most useful, relevant, and accurate results. Because LLMs generate responses based on patterns learned from massive datasets, the way you ask a question can significantly influence the answer.

In essence, prompt engineering is about:

• Understanding how LLMs interpret and respond to input.

• Designing prompts to guide the model's behavior.

• Iterating and refining prompts to improve outcomes.

---

Why Prompt Engineering Matters

AI models are highly capable, but they are not mind readers. They depend entirely on the text provided. Subtle variations in phrasing, tone, specificity, or structure can change the results dramatically.

Benefits of good prompt engineering include:

• More accurate and relevant outputs.

• Reduced hallucinations or fabricated content.

• Increased efficiency in achieving results.

• Better alignment with business, educational, or creative goals.

---

Basic Principles of Prompt Engineering

1. Clarity

   • Clear prompts produce clearer responses.

   • Avoid ambiguity.

2. Specificity

   • The more specific the prompt, the better the output.

   • Specify the format, tone, length, or point of view if needed.

3. Contextualization

   • Provide background or context to help the model generate more informed responses.

4. Instructional Language

   • Use imperative or guiding language: "List", "Summarize", "Compare", etc.

5. Iteration

   • Refine and reword prompts based on outputs.

   • Use feedback loops.

---

Step-by-Step Prompt Engineering Examples

Example 1: Summarizing Text

Task: Summarize a paragraph about renewable energy.

Input Text: "Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power have seen increased adoption across the world due to their sustainability and low environmental impact. These sources help reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels."

Basic Prompt: "Summarize the paragraph."

Output: "Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro are sustainable and reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel use."

Improved Prompt: "Summarize the following paragraph in one sentence using simple language for a high school student."

Output: "Renewable energy like solar and wind is good for the environment and helps us use less fossil fuel."

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Example 2: Rewriting in a Specific Tone

Task: Rewrite a message to sound more professional.

Original Text: "Hey, I need that report by tomorrow or we're going to miss the deadline."

Prompt: "Rewrite the following message to sound professional and polite: 'Hey, I need that report by tomorrow or we're going to miss the deadline.'"

Output: "Could you please share the report by tomorrow? It's essential to meet our project deadline."

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Example 3: Code Generation

Task: Generate a Python function to calculate the factorial of a number.

Prompt: "Write a Python function to calculate the factorial of a number."

Output:

def factorial(n):      if n == 0 or n == 1:          return 1      else:          return n * factorial(n - 1)  

Improved Prompt: "Write a Python function using recursion to calculate the factorial of a number. Include comments for beginners."

Output:

# This function calculates the factorial of a number using recursion  def factorial(n):      # Base case: factorial of 0 or 1 is 1      if n == 0 or n == 1:          return 1      # Recursive case      else:          return n * factorial(n - 1)  

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Example 4: Role-based Prompting

Task: Get travel tips from a local perspective.

Prompt: "You are a local from Tokyo. What should I do if I have just 2 days to explore the city?"

Output: "If you have only 2 days in Tokyo, start with Asakusa to visit Senso-ji Temple, then head to Shibuya for the famous crossing and local food. Day 2: Visit Meiji Shrine, explore Harajuku and Omotesando for shopping, and end with a night view from Tokyo Tower."

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Example 5: Step-by-Step Reasoning

Task: Solve a basic math word problem.

Prompt: "If a pencil costs $2 and a notebook costs $5, how much would 3 pencils and 2 notebooks cost? Show your steps."

Output: "Step 1: Cost of 3 pencils = 3 x $2 = $6 Step 2: Cost of 2 notebooks = 2 x $5 = $10 Step 3: Total cost = $6 + $10 = $16"

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Techniques Recap with Examples

Technique	Description	Example Prompt
Zero-shot	No examples provided	"Translate to Spanish: 'Good morning.'"
Few-shot	A few examples provided	"Translate: 1. Hello -> Hola, 2. Cat -> Gato, 3. Dog ->"
Chain-of-thought	Reasoning steps included	"How many legs do 3 dogs and 2 cats have? Show steps."
Role-based	Model acts in a specific role	"You are a nutritionist. Suggest a healthy breakfast."
Output formatting	Specify bullet points or tables	"List pros and cons of remote work in bullet points."

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Tips and Best Practices

1. Be Iterative – Start with simple prompts and refine them.

2. Use Constraints – Set output length, format, or style.

3. Test Edge Cases – Check how the model handles unexpected or incorrect input.

4. Chain Prompts Together – For complex tasks, break them into smaller sub-prompts.

5. Maintain Context – Provide background when needed.

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Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Being too vague or general.

• Using long, complex sentences without structure.

• Not checking model output for factual errors.

• Relying on a single prompt for a complex task.

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Applications of Prompt Engineering

1. Software Development – Generate code, test cases, documentation.

2. Education – Create lesson plans, quizzes, explain topics.

3. Marketing – Write copy, generate ideas, refine slogans.

4. Customer Support – Draft replies, suggest solutions.

5. Creative Writing – Develop stories, characters, plot ideas.

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Future of Prompt Engineering

• Prompt Libraries – Standard reusable prompts for industries.

• AI-Generated Prompts – Meta-models that optimize prompts.

• Natural Language APIs – Interfaces where prompt engineering is embedded.

• Prompt GUIs – Visual builders for non-technical users.

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Conclusion

Prompt engineering is the bridge between human intent and machine intelligence. Mastering this skill allows you to unlock the true potential of AI models. Through clarity, specificity, structure, and creativity, you can design prompts that deliver powerful, practical, and precise results.

Practice with the examples in this tutorial, experiment with variations, and you'll become proficient in crafting prompts that give expected results.

Understanding Generative AI and Generative AI Platform leaders

We are hearing a lot about power of Generative AI. Generative AI is a vertical of AI that holds the power to #Create content, artwork, code and much more. Numerous studies have shown this transformative capability has led to numerous benefits across sectors. There has been 40% increase in efficiency in content creation, a 75% surge in creative output & an upto 90% growth in the level of automation in certain workflows. It is interesting to study how GAI (Generative AI) is revolutionizing traditional processes and opening doors to innovative possibilities. Generative AI, as you know is a subset of AI that focuses on teaching machines to produce original and creative content. 

While traditionally AI operates based on predetermined rules, Generative AI builds ability to learn from data and generate content autonomously. This technology leverages complex algorithms and neural networks to understand patterns and produce outputs that mimic human-like creativity.

The significance of generative AI lies in its potential to revolutionize industries across the board. From content creation to software development, generative AI tools are paving the way for greater efficiency, creativity, and innovation. Companies are increasingly adopting these tools to streamline their processes, reduce manual efforts, and unlock new possibilities that were once unimaginable.

• Healthcare: In the medical field, generative AI assists in analyzing medical images, Xrays & scans, diagnosing diseases & predicting patient outcomes. Radiologists using generative AI for image analysis reported above 30% improvement in accuracy in detecting subtle anomalies, ultimately leading to more timely and accurate diagnoses.

• Software development : Generative AI is transforming the way developers write code. It aids developers by generating code snippets, improving software testing by identifying approximately 30% more defects & even suggesting optimal solutions to coding challenges. These features result in faster development cycles , reduce redundancy and deliver better code quality.                                                                                                                                        
• Content creation: Writers, marketers, and content creators are utilizing Generative AI to automate content generation, effectively streamlining workflows and achieving a remarkable 40% reduction in time spent on content creation. This efficiency boost allows them to focus on higher-level strategic tasks and creativity                                                       
• Language translation Language barriers are being broken down as generative AI tools translate text and speech in real-time, enabling seamless communication across diverse languages. These tools achieve an amazing 95% accuracy in translation and that is helping foster global collaboration and understanding.                                                                                              
• Gaming : Developers are using generative AI to create immersive virtual worlds, generate in-game content, & adapt gameplay based on player behavior. Some reports hace found that this real-time adaptation is resulting in upto 50% increase in player engagement and satisfaction, enhancing the overall gaming experience.                                                                                                                                    
• Finance: For a long time now institutions are leveraging generative AI to analyze market trends, predict stock movement with an impressive 85% accuracy & optimize trading strategies. This technology-driven approach has led to a 25% increase in trading profitability and more informed investment decisions.                                                                                                 
• Art work & Design:  Artists are exploring generative AI for creating unique visual art, illustrations, and designs, pushing the boundaries of creativity. A study found that incorporating generative AI in the design process led to a remarkable 75% increase in the number of innovative and eye-catching design concepts produced.

• Music Composition: Generative AI tools have extended their capabilities to the realm of music composition. These tools analyze existing musical compositions and generate original melodies, harmonies, and rhythms. Musicians and composers can leverage these tools to break creative barriers and discover new musical ideas.

As generative AI continues to advance, its applications across every industry vertical  are expected to become even more sophisticated, further revolutionizing the way we work, create, and interact across various sectors.

You may want to read about the following platforms that are revolutionizing AI

1.ChatGPT

2.Scribe 

3.AlphaCode

4.Gpt-4

5.Bard

6. Cohere Generate

7.Dall-E2

8.Synthesia

9.Flowmachines

10.Claude -  Multi lingual Code Helper

11.ArtBreeder -  Image Creation

12,AI Dungeon - Storyteller

13. DeepCode - Code Reviewer & Suggestions

14. Duet AI - 

15. PaintChainer - B/W Coloring tool

 

 

 

 

ABC Technical Architect Training

ABC Technical Architect Training

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Overview of my 12 week training plan designed to equip aspiring and current technical architects with the essential knowledge and skills required to design, evaluate, and lead modern software systems. Each week includes theoretical sessions, hands-on labs, and assessments.

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Week 1: Foundations of Software Architecture

• Introduction to Architecture Roles and Responsibilities

• Architectural Styles and Patterns (Monolith, Microservices, Event-Driven, etc.)

• SOLID, DRY, KISS, YAGNI Principles

• Case Study Discussion + Assignment

Week 2: Architecture Design Principles

• Domain-Driven Design (DDD)

• Clean Architecture & Hexagonal Architecture

• Architecture Decision Records (ADRs)

• Group Exercise: Designing a Modular Application

Week 3: Cloud-Native Architecture

• Cloud Service Models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

• Serverless Design & Event-Driven Computing

• 12-Factor Apps

• Lab: Deploying a Serverless App

Week 4: Infrastructure & DevOps for Architects

• Infrastructure as Code (Terraform, AWS CDK)

• CI/CD Pipeline Architecture

• Containerization and Kubernetes Basics

• Lab: Create a CI/CD Pipeline with GitHub Actions

Week 5: Application & Integration Architecture

• API Design (REST, GraphQL, gRPC)

• Event-Driven Design and Messaging Patterns

• API Gateway, Service Mesh (Istio, Linkerd)

• Hands-on: Implementing API Gateway with Rate Limiting

Week 6: Security Architecture

• Threat Modeling & Secure Design Principles

• IAM, Encryption, Zero Trust Architecture

• Compliance (SOC2, GDPR, HIPAA basics)

• Exercise: Securing a Cloud-Native Application

Week 7: Observability & Resilience

• Monitoring, Logging, Tracing (OpenTelemetry, Prometheus)

• Chaos Engineering Concepts

• Lab: Building Resilience with Circuit Breakers & Retries

Week 8: Data & AI Architecture

• Data Modeling and Storage Patterns (OLTP, OLAP, NoSQL)

• Real-Time Data Streaming Architecture (Kafka, Kinesis)

• AI/ML Architecture, MLOps Overview

• Workshop: Designing a Data Pipeline

Week 9: Enterprise & Solution Architecture

• TOGAF, ArchiMate, Zachman Basics

• Business Capability Modeling

• Roadmapping & Portfolio Architecture

• Practice: Drafting a Solution Architecture Document

Week 10: Platform Engineering & Developer Experience

• Internal Developer Platforms (IDPs)

• GitOps, ArgoCD, Feature Flags

• Platform as a Product Mindset

• Exercise: Building a Developer Onboarding Flow

Week 11: Emerging Technologies & Trends

• Edge & IoT Architectures

• Blockchain, Web3, DApps

• Quantum-Resilient Cryptography

• Green Software & Sustainable Architecture

Week 12: Capstone & Review

• Capstone Project Presentation

• Architecture Review Board Simulation

• Soft Skills: Stakeholder Communication, Trade-off Narration

• Final Evaluation & Feedback

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Deliverables:

• Weekly Quizzes & Assignments

• Hands-on Labs & Mini Projects

• Capstone Project

• Certificate of Completion

Recommended Tools:

• Visual: Lucidchart, PlantUML, draw.io

• DevOps: GitHub Actions, Docker, Kubernetes, Terraform

• Cloud: AWS, Azure, GCP (based on organization preference)

• Data: Kafka, PostgreSQL, Redis, Athena

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Optional Tracks (Post Training):

• Specialized Deep Dive: AI Architect, Cloud Solution Architect, Platform Architect

• Certification Preparation: AWS SA Pro, Azure Architect Expert, TOGAF

 

What is Artifical Intelligence infused BPM ?

When I had created Accenture's Point of View (POV) on BPM (comparative study of BPM products or iBPM products as Gartner likes to calls it). We had predicted year on rise of 25% in adoption of BPM by the top 5 industry verticals and year on average productivity improvement of over 10% for enterprises that have implemented matured BPM tools (We had suggested that a mature BPM implementation alone could improve the enterprise productivity by 10%) . Back then Digital Transformation was not a buzz word and we see not just businesses but even governments are aggressively pushing for Digital Transformation. Feels great when I see that today people are well past discussing Need For BPM for Digital Transformation and discussion has moved over to the sensational Artificial Intelligence infused BPM'.
                                                      Artificial intelligence focuses on making already “intelligent” systems capable of simulating human-like decision-making and execution – enabling those systems to perform functions traditionally executed by skilled human professionals – but do so at a much higher level, because of the speed and power available on modern computing platforms.  One needs to understand that for AI TO REALLY HAPPEN the AI software architecture would have to be be similar to our own central nervous system, which controls most of the things we do even though we don’t consciously think about it. So when ever AI matures instead of nerve signals, AI uses algorithms to simulate human behavior.
                                                  Frankly 'what we are implementing today does not have 'human like decision making' capability and that's why we cannot call it AI.  AI is the future and huge investment in research are being done but existing systems do not have intelligence similar to humans because we do not have capability to produce software that has emotional and biochemical aspects of a human brain. What people at large refer to as AI (as of  Jan 2018 ) is actually Machine Learning driven by big data & data mining and which gives insight to improve decision making but there is no Human Like Intelligence as claimed by some companies. Fact remains that the insight from big data aids better and smarter decision making as decision making has definitely improved as we have huge data and technology to process the data at a fast pace.  As such we have been using data insights from historical data to make better business decisions for quite a few years now and if industry decides to call this data insight as AI then we can say AI & BPM are old friends.
                                                                     So if someone tells you he is working on something revolutionary, integrating AI with BPM, you can tell him that AI-BPM is in production for quite sometime - actually for quite a few years (smile)! We did implement Smart Business Process that could be triggered by events from Complex Event Processing framework based on certain event types. We did implement Real Time Big data processing and integrated it with BPM to get insight from Data In Motion and make smarter decisions in real time.  In short we have been doing AI driven BPM for years so don't get stoned by tall claims by some AI-BPM expert!

Point I want to make is that though AI-BPM is not new at the same time AI has been evolving at a fast pace along with ML and we need to continuously  innovate and integrate ML with BPM to get better business insights. What we have already implemented for various industry is a Smart Next Best Action capability that aids a software system to take better decision in real time. Typically NBA is a custom software that uses intelligent insights extracted from big-data processing to aid enterprise decision making and we are using the word intelligent not because system is smart like humans but because it makes decisions based on millions of past records or transactions to recommend the most appropriate action  - something which can almost act like a human not because of intelligence but because of Machine Learning.

Here are some random industry numbers about AI & BPM  -

• As of today more than 50% of the businesses that are processing Big Data have implemented AI solutions and these businesses have reported more than 50% increase in new business insight from Big Data.
• AI has helped 50% of implementations to make better business decisions, 20% businesses claim to improved automated communication with help of AI and only 6% businesses claim to have reduced work force by implementing AI
• Most implemented area for AI is Predictive Analytics (eg Weather Data, Operational Maintenance etc )
• More than 80% of the implementors claim that AI has improved efficiency & created new jobs
• Almost all implementors acknowledge that Data Analytic technologies are more efficient when coupled with AI
•                                                                       
  

So the intellegence from insight from the huge data is helping make busniness more smart, more proactive, more predictive,  more efficient, more productive and more customer friendly thus opening avenues for new products and expansion of business.

So how is AI or DI changing in the BPM?

1. Intelligent Recommendations - Continuous machine-learning can  provide relevant recommendation to customer as well as business
2. Intelligent Marketing - AI can make recommendations to agents or directly to consumers using profile attributes & response behavior and keep learning in real-time, so that the next best offers are relevant to the customer and keep improving over time. Software can help marketing  agent deliver the right recommendations to the right customer at the right time.
3. Process Automation - Data-insight help reduce workflow inefficiencies, automate human tasks & processes, and reduce repetitive tasks. 
4. Preferential Treatment to Valued Customers - ML and predictive analytics can estimates a customer’s behavior and guide the agent to both satisfy the customer.
5. Next Best Action -  NBA helps agents guiding them about the next-best-action to take that will solve a specific problem and lead to higher customer satisfaction and also predicts the sales lead conversion and reduce customer churn
6. Sales Prediction -  Predictive Analytics helps predicts the likelihood of a lead to close and suggests next best action and strategies to the sales agent.  Predictive engine can identify new sales oppurtunities that may not be outright visible to the team.
7. Customer Retention - Predictive engine can predict customer churn and also suggest steps required to retain customer.      

Game changing BPM & Data Intelligence/ Artificial Intelligence

What BPM can deliver today is not just efficient and smart process management but a real time business management. The BPM game is changed and BPM is now offering

1) Predictive Business  - Analyze, Sense, Learn, Predict, Act
2) Proactive Recommendation leads to better customer service
3) Reduce Churn by predicting and addressing customer concerns
4) Better value to customer value delivered based on customer insight
5) Better Forecasting by 360 degree view of customer and business
6) Real time enterprise proactively addressing real time events

There are many BPM vendors and vendor analysis by Accenture, Gartner or Forrester can help you decide which BPM vendor has product and features that are right to deliver your solution. Pega, Appian are some of the leading BPM layers of 2018 but there are at least 19 BPM vendors to chose from and you can refer to How to select a BPM (Business Process Management) product? to know how to go about selecting the right BPM product 

Tomorrow of every connected enterprise is Hyper-connected Enterprise

 

Hyper-connected Home

Where do buy sugar from? Pay cash and buy from local grocery store? or order sugar on mobile app? If you are using #BigBasket or #Amazon to buy 1kg Sugar then you should be aware that 100s of computers/devices and at least half a dozen companies,from manufacturer to stockist to cargo delivery to Amazon, all are collaborating over a 'hyper connected network' to get your sugar delivered on time. Which means you are already part of Amazon's Hyper-connected Enterprise where computers, devices and employees create a seamless delivery experience for the customer. Your smart-city is becoming a Hyper-connected city - water, electricity, garbage, emergency services, healthcare, social-welfare everything has either moved or moving to Hyper-connected network of enterprises. You may want to check how companies like Libelium World are helping monitor environment in smart-cities in Spain.

Take another example of entertainment industry. How do you watch your favorite sport? In your living room on large screen TV, live stream on your mobile/tablet/laptop or do you use a dedicated app like Hotstar? Most likely you use all these medium to watch a game of live cricket. Entertainment is being delivered today everywhere and anywhere you choose to be. It is possible because #Hotspot and #Accenture have created a Hyper-connected environment to deliver the content on all medium to deliver content even when you have poor network connectivity. Energy sector suffered huge losses because of electricity leakage and was one of the first to adapt Smart Meter & Smart Energy distribution system. A decade back #USA #Florida based Duke Energy claimed that its electrical system have the capacity to automatically detect, isolate, and reroute power when a problem occurs.

 

Your enterprise too is live 24/7 because the customers expect you to provide service not just on phone between 9 to 5 but at a time that is convenient to them and over a medium of their  choice. The epidemic has only accelerated seamless service delivery over digital medium in a transparent, reliable and secure manner. The enterprise has evolved in many ways and new business models of collaborations are in play to deliver services to the consumer.The digital enterprise is evolving to a new paradigm and it is called Hyper-connected Ecosystem.The biggest change that we are witnessing today is not just the mandate for extraordinary agility and business resilience but also a drastic shift in consumer demand. An evolution of the digital ecosystems that are driving businesses today required organizations, people, devices connecting seamlessly by leveraging an effective hyper-connected ecosystem.

Some leaders talk of Hyperconnected Enterprise as the next phase of Digital enterprise what they don't realize is the evolution had already started years back and you are already on a Hyper-connected Network.The core idea behind Digital Enterprise was always to deliver a services over a connected ecosystem and pandemic has  necessitated innovation to make a business impact and ensure sustainability. The focus today is to enable new innovative open ended technology solutions that are seamless and integration ready to reach the masses. 

 

Blocks of Hyper-connected Enterprise

 

Some enterprises may already have a well designed information system that requires minimal work to become hyper-connected enterprise. The remaining enterprises have to redesign the process ,underlying systems and imbibe the culture of digital dexterity.  The enterprise vision has to change along with the employee mindset to adapt and embrace emerging technologies along with existing technologies to achieve better business outcome and to deliver new products. Not an easy order as it requires enterprise and employees to learn new skills as well as change in culture. Every industry is either moving to become a hyper-connected enterprise or they will have to quickly do the transformation if they intend to stay relevant and compete with the competition who have adopted the new way of doing business. 

The journey

Today enterprises need to be connected to deliver value. From lead generation to fulfillment to customer support all the processes have to be digital.In the next post we will discuss some examples of Everywhere Digital Enterprise. Until everything is connected to everything else...

 

The Evolution of Software Integration

 

Every successful enterprises depend s heavily on underlying software applications and communication between the applications. The problem is that, as time goes by, enterprises invariably end up with software created with disparate technologies and built by several vendors.

The number of software applications varies according to the size of the organization. According to a research small businesses use an average of 10 to 22 applications, and in large enterprises, this number rises to an amazing 700 to 1000 software applications!

The Motivation for Software Integration

All these disparate software applications often need to work together, and this is where software integration comes in. I see various motivations for software integration when I talk to business owners and IT managers. They usually want to achieve one of the following:

• Produce a unified set of functionalities, for example, a unified customer support system
• Increase productivity by reducing the need to switch between applications
• Have easier user adoption, especially if one of the software applications being integrated is new
• Enable data analytics by getting data from multiple sources
• Automate data entry – getting data from another application is less costly than manual data entry

In the early stages of software integration, one of the main issues would be that everything was proprietary and closed. You would buy an application, and all the information you put in it was accessible only from within that application. Not to mention that often it would be available on a single machine or on a limited set of machines. If you wanted to, for example, access that information from another software application, you were into trouble.

But when there is a will, there is a way, and so software integration started. The software integration challenges were initially addressed by implementing in-house integration solutions that used ad hoc and proprietary protocols themselves.

Eventually, with the addition of more and more software systems and the wider spread of internal and external networks, home-grown solutions were no longer adequate. Software integration evolution had reached a new level. The motto "no system is an island" became common, but there was still no standard solution to the problem.

Software Integration Evolution & APIs

Over several decades, enterprise integration technologies leveraged one or more integration styles. The earliest integration style was the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) style, used in single-language environments and very popular in the 80s and early 90s. Later, multi-language systems such as CORBA appeared. In these, an explicit Interface Definition Language (IDL) was used, so that the caller and callee could be implemented in different programming languages and even different platforms.

In the end, the use of Application Programming Interfaces, best known as APIs, became the rule. APIs emerged to expose business functionalities provided by one application to other applications. APIs exist so you can reuse them – the concept has been, from the beginning, that multiple applications could consume the same API. The idea was that developers could rely solely on the API to access an application's functionality without worrying about their implementation details.

What Is API Management & Why You Need It

When developers start using an API, they hope that the API is a contract that will not change. However, APIs are susceptible to the same environmental pressures to change that all software systems face. They are often upgraded, reworked, and sometimes refactored. When this happens, finding actual points of change in the API and making things work again is painstaking work for the developer. This is why API lifecycle management appeared.

Developers also hope they will have to work with as few APIs as possible. This is because each new API represents a new learning curve and involves time and effort. Moreover, when you come across the upgrade problems we mentioned, the developer knows it will help to have few APIs and few inter-dependencies - not to fall into spag

The thing is that this is not always up to the developer, as the need to integrate different software systems grows.

This is what API management is: API lifecycle management for multiple APIs.

As a result of sheer demand, API management using middleware has emerged as a way of using APIs and getting their advantages, while avoiding their known problems. Please note we are looking at API management from the API consumer perspective. If you look at it as an API producer, then the focus will be different.

API Management Tools As Integration Software Solutions - An Example

The new middleware technologies have eliminated the need to call APIs directly. Instead, the developer writes SQL in their new or legacy code, then use prebuilt connectors to translate standard SQL syntax in that code into API calls. These calls retrieve the needed information from the target system (4). This can work for retrieving data (SELECT) or to input/change it (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

The middleware acts as a translator that speaks all the API variants the developer needs, translating them into ANSI standard SQL syntax that the developer knows well and can use together with his favorite programming language, such as Python, Java, or C#, just to name a few.

By using such translating middleware, the developer no longer needs to learn a new programming language or gain expertise in the target system API. This makes all the difference, dramatically reducing the time and effort necessary to integrate software.

Using SQL Connector, the developer has two options:

• he can build his own custom integration software in the programming language of his choice or
• he can start from the source code of any software from the past 40 years.

In both cases, completing the integration will require few lines of code and be quite straightforward.

Using such middleware also eliminates the need to redo your code when you upgrade the target system or its APIs. The middleware company itself will handle all the maintenance efforts. It is now their job to guarantee forward compatibility (and sometimes backward compatibility too).

Ultimately, API management gives enterprises greater flexibility by enabling them to go for the software integrations they need while shielding them from the negative aspects and not compromising on security, e.g. maintaining GDPR compliance.

Last word

Software integration has long been a pain point for businesses, often leading companies to either maintain their legacy systems for longer than they should or fork over large sums of money on developers to migrate to the latest and greatest.

Fortunately, with software integration evolution, you can easily solve current integration challenges and prepare companies for the future by using today's technology of API management middleware. Whether to simply share data between systems, to modernize legacy systems, or to meet complex requirements, endless integration possibilities are at your fingertips once you start using API middleware.

The Secrets to DevOps Success - 2

DevOps implementation strategy is key focus of most organizations as they embark on Digital Transformation journey. Though it sounds like a quite a straight forward initiative to automate the software delivery process it has many challenges as I have discussed in the past posts. 

DevOps Market size exceeded $7 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 20% from 2022 to 2028 to a value of over $30 billion. In 2021, 65% of the DevOps market’s value in the USA was made up of DevOps solutions (tools) with 37% accounted for by services. By 2028, around 55% of the market’s value is forecast to be accounted for by DevOps services and the remaining 45% by tools.

In 2001 when I implemented my 1st development process automation it was more about automating redundant manual processes to save time and avoid manual errors in the build and release process. We were a small team delivering a small project for a US client , we used to face failure during every release and it was very embarrassing for the entire team to attend the post release meeting. All we wanted to do was a smooth bug free release without spending all night at the server machines. We automated our build and release process and unknowingly we started working closely together to ensure all the issues we faced in the past did not occur again. We collobarated across teams, we stopped blaming other teams, we learned every step of the code/build/test/release/configure/deploy process ,we automated manual tasks and we monitored every step of the release process. Soon we started doing perfect code drops for every release and we started leaving office together to enjoy post release drinks. We were not doing DevOps but experienced a cultural change and we were working as one team.

Over the last few years we are recommending DevOps to our clients as the right way to do the release thing for their business transformation or the digital transformation journey. What we have observed is that in spite of a large number of new tools, dashboards and on demand infrastructure it is still a big challenge to implement a successful DevOps process in an organization. Lets take a quick look at some of things that can help implement a successful DevOps process.

                                                      To implement technology strategically, businesses need to start by creating a cultural shift toward the principles of DevOps. It starts with people and processes, and then products. You cannot simply throw a tool or even multiple tools at the problem and hope that it will be solved. To transform your business, you need to embrace velocity: making incremental changes, delivering small iterations and going faster. This often means disrupting your own business and cannibalizing your existing offerings before disrupting the market. There are a few key elements of DevOps culture that must be adopted before you begin thinking about your product toolkit.

1) Empower teams by embracing collaboration 

Encouraging collaboration is one crucial way to empower employees. By keeping all stakeholders involved in the process, employees can communicate impact in real time, keeping the execution process moving along. Collaboration enables product manager, development, QA, security and operations teams to work together directly instead of waiting for handoffs. The values of diversity, inclusion and belonging are fundamental to creating a culture of collaboration within your organization. Collaboration across teams, across levels brings in multiple perspectives, and by ensuring that each perspective has a say we invite  innovative ideas, empowered teams and smarter, more informed decision-making. The culture of collaboration has to be driven down the hierarchy by the top leadership leading by example and rewarding collaborators. If collaboration is not one of the KPI for management leaders so far it is time to embrace it now.

2) Iteration Planning

You can go faster by breaking things down into smaller pieces. The smaller we split things up, the smaller the steps we take, the faster we can go.' Smaller iteration are better because they take less time, get delivered faster and there is lower risk and have quick turnaround time encouraging people to be more creative.  I remember my mother telling me to take small bites, chew well and the food will show on you, it worked there and it works everywhere. Encouraging iterations is also a step towards moving away from the stagnant waterfall mentality to developing an agile calculated risk taking attitude.

3) Focus on results

Employees should be acknowledged for what they accomplish and complete, not how long it took them or where they worked. . Create a culture where team members feel trusted to structure their own days and do what it takes to get the results that customers require. Start by finding simple solutions to the problem instead of flashy complicated ones. 

It is impossible to transform a business without setting the mood with collaborative culture.Start by finding ways for collaboration in areas where currently you have silos, iterations where there is stagnancy and efficiency where there are lags

The Secret to DevOps Success

Gartner predicted that through 2022 75% of DevOps initiatives will fail to meet expectations due to issues around organizational learning and change and in 2021 Tech Radar Survey indicated 80% of the DevOps initiatives failed to achieve desired goals - mind you project this is the percent of projects that failed to meet the desired goals and expectations. In other words, people-related factors tend to be the bigger challenge while implementing DevOps as compared to implementation technology/tools challenges.

DevOps delivers Maximum value when aligned to customer value

It has been observed that organizations often launch DevOps efforts with insufficient consideration of business outcomes and without clarity of goals. I&O leaders need to ensure that staff and customers connect with the term "DevOps," and the value it will bring, prior to introducing the initiative.

Organizations should use marketing to identify, anticipate and deliver the value of DevOps in a manner that makes business sense. "Leaders must seek to refine their understanding of customer value on an ongoing business to evolve capabilities and further enable organizational change,"

DevOps fails when right team members & organizational change are not managed

In another Gartner 2017 Enterprise DevOps Survey, 88% of respondents said team culture was among the top three people-related attributes with the greatest impact on their organization's ability to scale DevOps. In 2020 TechRadar did a similar survey and over 90% CIOs responded that their priority was to build DevOps culture However, organizations overlook the importance of getting the right mix of staff on board with the upcoming DevOps change and instead focus efforts on DevOps tools.

Tools are not the solution to a cultural problem

It sounds repetitive but I still need to reiterate that "Tools are not the solution to a cultural problem," Organization have to Identify candidates with the right attitude for adopting DevOps practices. Individuals who demonstrate the core values of teamwork, accountability and lifelong learning will be strong DevOps players.

Lack of collaboration affects success of DevOps

Successful DevOps efforts require collaboration with all stakeholders. More often than not, DevOps efforts are instead limited to I&O. Organizations cannot improve their time to value through uncoordinated groups or those focusing on I&O exclusively.

Break down barriers and forge a team-like atmosphere. Varying teams must work together, rather than in uncoordinated silos, to optimize work. "This might start with seeking out an executive who can carry the teams and champion the effort,"

Trying to do too much too quickly

It is important to realize that a big-bang approach — in other words, launching DevOps in a single step — comes with a huge risk of failure. DevOps involves too many variables for this method to be successful in a large IT organization.

Is is recommended to use an incremental, iterative approach to implement DevOps to enable the organization to focus on continual improvements and ensure that all groups are collaborating. Is is recommended starting with a politically friendly group to socialize the value of DevOps and reinforce the credibility of the initiative.

Unrealistic expectations of DevOps

Similar to struggling with grounding DevOps initiatives in customer value, a disconnect exists in many organizations between expectations for DevOps and what it can actually deliver.

"Expectation management and marketing are continuous and not a one-time affair"

Manage expectations by agreeing on objectives and metrics. Use marketing to identify, anticipate and satisfy customer value in an ongoing manner. Expectation management and marketing are continuous efforts, not a one-time affair.The bottom line is unless entire organization understand develops and appreciates the benefit of DevOps and take efforts to collaborate and work to bring a cultural change across Development, Testing and Operations teams, DevOps will not be successful.

Why todays digital enterprises need DevOps?

There was a time in pre-digital era when a New business idea would disrupt the business landscape. Take example of the restaurant industry that we all are familiar with. Let's assume that couple of decades back  the 1st restaurant, with a seating capacity of 10 people decided that it could grow its business if it started taking home delivery orders on phone. The restaurant increased its business from 10 orders/hour to 30 orders/hour - mind you, there is no software used, just a great business idea implemented using the telephone. Recently another disruptive idea that leverages software changed the food business landscape. I am talking about Cloud Kitchen that has disrupted the food business over the last 4 years. The same restaurants that had seating capacity of 10 people could now outsource its kitchen to 10 cloud kitchens across the city and they started servicing 300 orders every hour. If you do not know what is Cloud Kitchen do read about it it most interesting software driven business disrution that many people don't know about.                                                                                                                                              Today businesses continue to be disrupted not just by a new business idea but also by software agility and innovation. Software defined disruption like Mobile apps or Cloud Kitchens have changed the food business landscape and continues to drive tremendous business value like never before.  Is it important to understand that as software is disrupting the industry, every enterprise is turning into a software company. As a software company all these enterprises need a seamless SDLC (software delivery lifecycle) process integrated with testing tools,deployment tools and application and business monitoring tools along with team that can promptly support any issue in the software delivery with a short turnaround time.

The main driver to adopt devops comes from the need of enterprise to innovate and accelerate the business. Unless the new ideas are implemented in the software and shipped fast by a unified capable team the business does not get the desired business outcome.

Key points to note about business and need for devops are as follows-

Businesses develop software for a reason: to get business value

Today every Businesses is either Digital Businesses or in process of Digital Transformation

Businesses will continue to be disrupted by software innovations & agility for example Mobile Apps

Disruption like Cloud Kitchens are changing landscape & deliver tremendous business value

Software disruption also means that enterprises are becoming software companies.

So the main driver for DevOps is the need for enterprise to innovate and accelerate the business

  

Will Auto Machine Learning replace Data Scientist over next few years ?

What is AutoML?

Auto Machine Learning or AutoML enables developers with limited machine learning expertise to train high-quality models specific to their business needs. Build your own custom machine learning model in minutes. Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) is tied in with producing Machine Learning solutions for the data scientist without doing unlimited inquiries on data preparation, model selection, model hyper-parameters, and model compression parameters.

How does the AutoML process work?

Auto Machine Learning is typically a platform or open source library that simplifies each step in the machine learning process, from handling a raw data-set to deploying a practical machine learning model. In traditional machine learning, models are developed by hand, and each step in the process must be handled separately. 

AutoML automatically maps the optimal type of machine learning algorithm for a given task. It does this with two concepts:

1. Neural architecture search, which automates the design of neural networks. This helps AutoML models discover new architectures for problems that require them.
2. Transfer learning, in which pretrained models apply what they've learned to new data sets. Transfer learning helps AutoML apply existing architectures to new problems that require it.

Users with minimal machine learning and deep learning knowledge can then interface with the models through a relatively simple coding language like Python or R. These are some standard steps of the machine learning process that AutoML can automate, in the order they occur in the process:

• Raw data processing
• Feature engineering and feature selection
• Model selection
• Hyperparameter optimization and parameter optimization
• Deployment with consideration for business and technology constraints
• Evaluation metric selection
• Monitoring and problem checking
• Analysis of results

Why is AutoML a game changer?

I think AutoML is game changer because it represents a milestone in the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). AI and machine learning have been subject to the "black box" criticism -- meaning that machine learning algorithms can be difficult to reverse engineer. Although they improve efficiency and processing power to produce results, it can be difficult to track how the algorithm delivered that output. Consequently, this also makes it difficult to choose the correct model for a given problem, because it can be difficult to predict a result if a model is a black box.

AutoML makes machine learning less of a black box by making it more accessible. This process automates parts of the machine learning process that apply the algorithm to real-world scenarios. A human performing this task would need an understanding of the algorithm's internal logic and how it relates to the real-world scenarios. It learns about learning and makes choices that would be too time-consuming or resource-intensive for humans to do with efficiency at scale.

Fine-tuning the end-to-end machine learning process -- or machine learning pipeline -- through meta learning has been made possible by AutoML. We can say AutoML represents a step towards general AI and making AI accessible for non techy domain experts. 

Getting started with Auto ML

You can get started by trying some popular AutoML platforms like :

• Google AutoML - Google's proprietary, cloud-based automated machine learning platform.
• Azure Automated Machine Learning - a proprietary, cloud-based platform.
• Auto Keras - an open-source software library developed by the DATA lab at Texas A&M university.
• Auto-sklearn, - evolves from Scikit learn, which was an open source, commercially usable collection of simple machine learning tools in Python. You can find it on GitHub.

Would AutoML replace Data Scientist?

Like most automation, AutoML is designed to perform rote tasks efficiently with accuracy and precision, freeing up employees to focus on more complex or novel tasks. Things that AutoML automates, like monitoring, analysis and problem detection, are tasks that are faster if automated. A human should still be involved to assess and supervise the model, but no longer needs to participate in the machine learning process step-by-step. AutoML should help improve data scientist and employee efficiency, not replace them. Will AutoML reduce dependency of business on data scientist? Yes to a limit it will reduce the dependency on data scientist to do menial machine learning tasks but it also helps in enabling domain experts to use machine learning and applying across less complex tasks.

As of 2021 Auto Machine Learning is a relatively developing area and even the most popular tools are not yet fully developed. If you look back at history of software it is inevitable for automated tools to evolve and automate the mundane tasks reducing dependency on developers. Those who have entered the field of data science without programming background should be wary that one day Machine Learning will become a packaged software and the demand for ML developers my prediction is the demand for ML developers would reduce in another 3 to 4 years maybe around 2025. For every developer/data scientist entering the data science or machine learning space my advice would be to build a strong programming base along with machine learning and AI which will enable them to adapt to the inevitable change in demand of the IT industry.